Turkey Between East and West: New Challenges for a Rising Regional Power by Vojtech Mastny

Author:Vojtech Mastny [Mastny, Vojtech]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Middle Eastern, Social Science, Political Science, World, Regional Studies
ISBN: 9780429971969
Google: NQLFDwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 52507114
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2019-05-20T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. Morton I. Abramowitz, “Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Ozal,” Foreign Policy 91(Summer 1993): 165.

2. S. A. M. Adshead, Central Asia in World History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p. 218 and the discussion on pp. 217-219.

3. See the classic evaluation by A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), pp. 442-446 and Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (New York: Kodansha International, 1992).

4. Cited in Serge A. Zenkovsky, Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 33.

5. See the account in Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs (Stanford: Hoover Press, 1987), pp. 118-126.

6. The enduring appeal of these ideas is evoked in Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Quelquejay, Les Mouvements nationaux chez les musulmans de Russie: Le ‘Sultangalievisme’ au Tatarstan (Paris: Mouton, 1960).

7. Robin Wright, “Islam, Democracy and the West,” Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993): 139 gives the traditional interpretation emphasizing the divide and rule logic of Soviet administration.

8. On the problematic legacy of Soviet-drawn borders see I. Rotar‘, “Izderki sovetskoi kartografii (mina zamedlennogo deistviia dlia Srednei Azii),” Nezavisimaia gazeta, 25 February 1992, p. 4.

9. Michael Rywkin asserts that the “Soviet educational record in Central Asia is as good as humanly possible given the objective circumstances and the low starting point.” Michael Rywkin, Moscow’s Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia (London: Hurst, 1982), p. 105.

10. See the special issue of Post-Soviet Geography 5(May 1992) devoted to the Aral Sea crisis, Aralskii krizis (istoriko-geograficheskaia retrospektiva) (Moscow, 1991) and Keith Martin, “Central Asia’s Forgotten Tragedy,” RFE/RL Research Report, no. 30, 29 July 1994, pp. 35-48.

11. Between 1979 and 1989 the urban population fell from 33 percent to 31 percent in Tajikistan, from 48 percent to 45 percent in Turkmenistan, and from 39 percent to 38 percent in Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan it remained stable at 41 percent. Alain Gresh, “Lendemains indécis en Asie centrale,” Le Monde diplomatique (January 1992): 6.

12. Shafiqul Islam, “Capitalism on the Silk Route?” Current History (April 1994): 145-149 emphasizes the region’s economic assets.

13. Citation from James Rupert, “Dateline Tashkent: Post-Soviet Central Asia,” Foreign Policy (Summer 1992): 176. For an enthusiastic evocation of Turkey’s new role as “une plaque tournante pour la métamorphose de la région” see Nicole Pope, “Ankara souhaite mettre à profit l’éclatement de l’URSS pour jouer son rôle de puissance régionale,” Le Monde, 5 February 1992, p. 4.

14. According to the Soviet census of 1989, 60.3 percent of the population of central Asia lived in rural districts, including 80 percent of the indigenous population. Naselenie SSSR, 1988: Statisticheskii ezhegodnik (Moscow, 1989), pp. 24-26.

15. James Critchlow, “Will There Be a Turkestan?” RFE/RL Research Report no. 28, 10 July 1992, p. 50.

16. Boris Z. Rumer, “The Gathering Storm in Central Asia,” Orbis (Winter 1993): 89.

17. Graham E. Fuller, “Turkey’s New Eastern Orientation,” in Graham E. Fuller and Ian O. Lesser, eds., Turkey’s New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China (Boulder: Westview, 1993), p. 68 and the entire discussion on pp. 66-76. Fuller has since tempered his enthusiasm.

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